Unit II

CULTIVATION OF OKRA

Botanical Name: Abelmoschus esculentus

Family: Malvaceae

Origin: Africa

Chromosome number: 130

Natures of pollination: Often cross pollination   (6-13)                                                                                                 

Plant parts used: Immature fruits         

Type of fruit: Capsule

Largest producer in the world: India

Maximum Area and production: UP

Photoperiod: Day neutral crop

Introduction

            Okra is an annual crop grown in tropical and subtropical region.                                                It is a warm season vegetable crop. Bhendi is one of the popular vegetable in India. It is cultivated extensively all the year round for its immature fruits. Bhendi fruits are used as a vegetable. The stem of the plant is used for the extraction of the fiber.

Uses

• Okra soups and stews are also popular dishes.                                                
• High iodine content of fruit helps control goiter while leaves are used in inflammation and dysentery.                                                                             
• The root and stem are used for clearing cane juice in preparation of ‘gur’.                                                                                                                 
• The fruits also help in case of renal colic, leucorrhoea and general weakness.                                                                                                                     
• The dry seed contains 13-22% good edible oil and 20-24% protein.           
• The oil is used in soap, cosmetic industry and as vanaspati while protein is used for fortified feed preparations.                                                                    
• The crushed seed is utilized in jute, textile.                                                    
• When ripe, the black or brown white – eyed seed are sometimes roasted and used as a substitute for coffee.                                                       
• The crop is used in paper industry and the stem of the plant is used for the extraction of the fiber.           

Classification

• Classification on the basis of height, tall , medium tall, dwarf.                                                                                                                                                                                            
• Classification according to pod quality.                                                    
• Classifications on basis of varieties are with prominent ridges.
• Classifications on basis of slight spines.                                                   
• Classification on basis of colour i.e. Green, Light green

Species

Wild species are indigenous to Africa.

India	Abelmoschus  tuberculatus
Medic	Abelmoschus  moschatus
Wight and Arn	Abelmoschus ficuleus.

 

Botany

• Family has 82 genera and 1,400 species.
• India about 111 species belonging to more than 20 genera.                     
• Plant is a robust erect annual herb, 1-2 m tall; stem green or tined red, leaves alternate, stipules narrow, caduceus, petiole hispid, often tinged red, 15-35 cm long, and lamina broadly cordate.
• Edible fruit is formed within 3-6 days of flower opening.                                    
• Fruit capsular, fimbriate, capsule 5 – valved, epicalyx, calyx, carol and androecioum fall as one unit after fruit set.                                               
• Flower solitary, axillary, peduncle about 2 cm long.
• Flower bud initiation taken place 22-26 days after sowing.
• 1^st flowering occurs 20-22 days of after initiation.
• Anthesis => 9 to10am
• Dehiscence=> 15-20 min after anthesis in 5-10 min.
• Protogyny has been reported.

                                                 

                          Fruit of bhendi                     Flower of bhendi

Climate and soil

Climate                                                                                  

• Okra is a warm – season, it can be successfully grown in hot humid areas.
• It is sensitive to frost and extremely low temperature.
• Normal growth and development a temperature between 24^oc and 28^o c is preferred.                                                                                                                                                                                                   
• Higher temperatures beyond 40^o-42^oc, flowers may desiccate and drop, causing yield losses.                                                                                                    
• For seed germination optimum soil moisture and a temperature between 25^o c and 35 ^oc is needed with fastest germination observed at 35^o c.                      

Soil                                                                          

• It is grown on sandy to clay soils but due to its well developed tap root system, relatively light, well-drained, rich soils are ideal.
• Loose, friable, well manures loam soils are desirable. 
• A PH of6.0-6.8 is ideally – suited.
• All soils need to be pulverized, moistened and enriched with organic matter before sowing.

 

Sowing

• Okra gives little success on transplanting and thus seed is sown directly in the soil by seed drill, hand dibbing or behind the plough.                            
• Broadcasting is not recommended as it increases seed rate as well as causes great inconvenience in cultural operations and harvesting.                                                    
• Sowing on ridges ensures proper germination.
• A planting distance of 60cm x30cm, accommodating 55,000 plants/ha is recommended for branching and robust types, while 45 cm x 30cm accommodating  75,000 plants/ ha is for non – branching types.

Sowing time:

• June-end is sowing time for Krarif crop and February –end to early March for spring – summer crop in north India.                                                                
• In south India, it could be grown year round.
• Winter crop with November – sowing is also taken.

Seed rate:                                                                                                                                           

• The seed rate of 18-22 kg /ha for spring – summer and 8-10 kg /ha for rainy season crop is optimum.

Seed treatment:                                                                                                                

• Soaking seed 0.2 %. Bavistin solution overnight helps activate germination and protects seedling from wilt.
• Soil treatment with Furadon @ 2kg / ha helps protect plants from root knot nematodes and other pests during initial 4-5 week.                                                   
• The soil should be well – prepared and whole or organic matter.                                                   Sufficient soil moisture and temperature around 30c help in quick and uniform germination.                                                                                             

            Sowing in most soil is preferred over irrigation after sowing.

 

 

Improved Varieties:

            Pusa Makhamali, Pusa sawani, Vaishali, Vagmi, Padmini, Selection 2-2, Pusa sawani is fairly mosaic tolerant Parbhani Kranti (Resistant to virus disease). Okra (Abelntoschus esculentus).

Parbhani Kranti:

            It is yellow vein mosaic resistant variety released in 1985 by MAU, Parbhani- It is derived from back cross of Abelmoschus manihot x A. esculentus. Two back crosses were made using Pusa sawani (A. esculentus) as a recurrent parent followed by selection in the subsequent generations- It is a yellow vein mosaic virus (YVMy) resistant variety isolated in F8 generation. Plants flower in 45-60 days. Fruits are dark green in colour, smooth, lender and slender.(MAU, Parbhani)

Phule Kirti:

            It is the F1 hybrid of okra suitable for both the kharif and summer seasons. It is also suitable for warm and moderate humid regions. Stem is green in colour with red patches. Fruits are green in colour. It is resistant to yellow vein mosaic virus. Shelf life is 3-4 days. It gives on an average yield of 163 quintals per hectare. Besides it is released through the State Variety Release Committee of Maharashtra, it is also notified by the Central Sub Committee on Crop Standards, Notification and Varietal Release at the national level.

Arka Abhay

            Resistant to yellow vain mosaic virus, It is tolerant to fruit borer and may suit pruning to tame the plant for a ratoon .it is a sister line of Arka Anamika.

Arka Anamika                                                                                                        

            It is resistant to yellow vein mosaic .fruits are dark green with 5 prominent ridges and comparatively less smooth surface.

Azad Kranti                                                                                                        

            The plant of Azad Kranti are fast growing, occasionally branched and with sparse pigmentation. The fruits are green, smooth, shiny, long, 5 – ridged with long beak, the leaves are green, normally lobed.

Punjab Padmini                                                                                                                           

            The plants of Punjab padmini grow fast, up 180-200cm single stem at 45 x30cm but medium branched at higher spacing.

Akola Bahar                                                                                               

            Released by Dr. PDKV .Akola. From local selection

Mutation breeding                                                                                         

            MDU -1 =Developed at TNAU, Coimbatore in 1978 as an induced mutation from Pusa sawani.

            Punjab -8 (EMS-8) =Induced mutation from Pusa sawani. Resistant to YVMV and tolerant to fruit borer.

Selection (Pure line)                                                                                    

            Pusa Makhamali, co-1, Gujarat Bhendi, Harbhajan, Pusa H -4.

Cultural practices

• Training and pruning
• Manuaring and fertilization
• Aftercare
• Irrigation

Training and pruning                                                         

           Okra Arka Abhay and Pusa A4 give quick branching after pruning.Some varieties require staking.

Manuring and fertilization         

The farmyard manure should be mixed in soil at the time of land preparation along with whole quantity of P and K. Half of N, while one –fourth before flowering as side dressing and one fourth in 3 consecutive foliar sprays at 10 days interval during fruiting.

After care:

            Proper weed management in okra could save up to 90% crop losses due to weed. A total of 3-4 weeding starting from 20 days after sowing are required till the crop covers the soil surface.                                                                                                                  

            Used weediside - Fluchloraline @ 1.2 kg / ha as pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg/ha post sowing and pre-emergence soil surface spray gives initial control of dicot weeds.

Cropping system

            Potato-carrot-okra; Okra-potato-tomato; Groundnut-greens-wheat-okra give crop security and higher income / unit area.                                                                                              

            Okra + radish and okra + frenchbeen give higher returns than solo crop. Okra-cowpea-maize, maize-okra-radish and okra-okra –radish reduces  bacterial wilt in tomato and brinjal taken as succeeding crop.Okra could give 300-500%ncrop land – use efficiency as an intercrop in cassava and cucurbits.

Irrigation

            First irrigation should be given when first true leaf initiates.  Subsequent irrigation at 4-5 days interval is given to summer crop. Drip irrigation saves around 85% water requirement .Furrow systems is better than flood system. Moisture stress during flowering and fruit/seed setting causes around 70% crop losses.

Harvesting                                                                                             

            Harvesting in the morning is convenient. For distant markets, harvesting late during evening and transplanting during night is also advised. A chip hand glove or cloth bag should be used to protect finger.

 

Post harvest management                                                                           

            The fruits are graded. For processing industry and fresh fruit export 6-8cm long fruits are sorted out. Longer fruits are used for fresh market. Export market requires tender, dark green, straight, short fruits.

Yield                                                                                                                         

            60 to 65q /ha spring summer.                                                                                              

            90 to120q /ha rainy season.

Storage

            8^o-9^oc, RH-90% for two weeks.

Diseases

Name	Scientific Name	Causes	Control Measure
Damping off	Pythium spp. Rhizoctonia	Both pre and post emergence of seedling occur. Affected seedling rot at coller region and topple down on the ground and finally.	Proper drainage. Treatment the seed with captan or thiram @ 3 g/kg seed before sowing
Powdery mildew	Erysiphe cichoracearum	Whit floury growth of fungus appears a both the surface of leaves.	Dust sulphur @ 25 kg/ ha. Spray karathane (0.21%) at 15 day interval.
Yellow vein mosaic virus	Virus transmitted by whitefly Bemisia tabaci.	Yellowing the veins, Entire leaf turns completely yellow coloured. The infected plants remain stunted and yellow coloured fruit.	Resistant varieties used. Control white fly by spraying malathin (0.1%).

 

Pest

Pest	Causal organism	Symptom	Control measures
Spotted bollworm	Earias vittela	The larvae bore into the growing shoot initially and fruits at later stage. Affected fruits spoil and become unfit for consumption	Crop rotation with cotton / hollyhock. Host plant is used. Remove attaked fruit and other parts
Jassids	Amrasca  biguttula  biguttula	Nymphs and adults suck the cell sap from lower surface of leaves. Affected leaves become pale and upward.	Spraying malathion (0.1%)
Root knot nematode	Meloidigyne incognita	The knots can be seen on the roots of the infected plants. The leaves turn to pale and growth of the plant restricted. Fruit is reduced	Deep ploughing, crop rotation.Apply Nemagon @ 25 lit / ha with irrigation.

 

Virus diseases

            Fusarium wilts (f.oxysporum)                                                                                                   

            Leaf blight (Cercospora abelmoschi)

            Spider mite (Tetranchus cinnobarinus)

            Control measures – Application of Sulphar

 

References

            Handbook of Horticulture,  Dr.K.L.Chaddha.

            Genetics and Breeding of Vegetable,

            Instant of Horticulture, S.N.Gupta, K.B.Naik

            Vegetable B.Chaudhari

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CULTIVATION OF BEANS

Cluster Bean or Guar

Botanical Name: Cyamous tetragocalobe L. Taub

Family: Leguminaceae.

Introuction:

            Cluster bean is grown for green vegetables and dry pods, and also as forage crop and green maturing crop. It is cultivated in many parts of India; some of its varieties are used for extraction of gum.

Climate:

            Cluster bean is essentially a warm season crop and grows well in summer as well as rainy season crop. It is very hardy crop and relatively resistant top drought.

Soil and its Preparation:

            Cluster bean can be grown on all types of soil. But well drained sandy loam soil is best suited for it. The land should be well prepared by repeated ploughing.

Sowing of Seeds:

a) Time of Sowing: Early crop is sown from February n- march and the main crop is sown with advent of monsoon, at the end of June or in beginning of July . in certain area. Sowing is extended to September- October.

b) Seed Rate: The seed rate is 5 to 8 kg/ ha.

c) Layout and Spacing: In layout flat bed and spacing 60 X 30 cm is recommended by P.K.V. Akola.

d) Varieties: Pusa Mausmi (suitable for growing only as rainy season crop), Pusa sadabahar and Pusa Naubahar (suitable) for growing as a summer crop and rainy season crop) etc.

Manuring:

            30 to 50 cartload should be applied at the time of soil preparation. 25 kg N, 50 kg P and 50 kg k/ha should be applied ½ dose or full dose P and K should be applied at the sowing. Remaining half nitrogen applied one month after sowing.

Interculture operation:

            2- 3 weddings are required for control of weeds. Spraying insecticides and fungicides from time to time for control of insect peat and diseases.

Irrigation:

            Irrigation should be given in early sown cluster bean whence it is necessary. There is on need for irrigation for rainy season crop.

Harvesting:

            The green pods for vegetable purposes are harvested from the plant by twisting or by cutting, when the attain the marketable sage. Harvesting or picking of green pods is continued over a considerably long because they continue arising as the plant grows.

Yield:

            The yield of green pods varies from 40 to 60 q/ha.

 

 

 

French Bean or Kidney Bean

Botanical Name:  Phaselous vulgaris L.

Family: Leguminaceae.

            French bean is valued as vegetable and seed. it is extensively grown as green vegetable.

Climate:

            Kidney bean is day neutral crops. It is very sensitive to high temperature and frost. Soil temperature approximately 32.2⁰ C (90⁰F) is essential for maximum vegetative growth.

Soil and its Preparation:

            French bean can be grown or practically in almost all type of soil from light sandy soil to heavy clay soil. The optimum soil PH for getting good crops is 5.3 to 6.0. The land is prepared thoroughly by 5-6 ploughing.

Sowing of Seed:

a) Time of Sowing: The seed is sown in June – July and January- February in the plains and from March to the beginning of May in the hills.

b) Seed Rate: The seed rate is 40 to 50 kg/ha.

c) Layout and Spacing: The seed may be sown by dibbling, drilling and broad casting at a depth of 2.0 to 3.0 cm; the seeds should be inoculated with rhizoidal culture before sowing. The flat bed layout is use. Spacing is 45 X 20 cm. recommended by PKV, Akola.

Interculture Operation:

            Shallow cultivation is given to keep the crop free from weeds. Herbicides such as dinitomaterial 2 – 3 kg per acre and sodium salt of pentachlorophenol @ 6 kg per acre as per- emergence treatment have been effective in controlling the weeds.

Irrigation:

            The soil must have sufficient moisture. Irrigation should be given just prior to blooming, during flowering and pod development stage.

Harvesting:

            The green pods become ready for harvesting after 45 to 75 days of sowing according to the variety and they should be picked as and when they are ready. The dry beans harvested when a large percentage of pods are fully ripe and most of the remainder has turned yellow. Harvesting should be started before the lower pods dry enough to shelter.

Yield:

            Yield obtained 40 – 50 quintal green pods/ ha.

Varieties:

            There are numerous varieties in French bean and they can be broadly classified according to the habit into bush and pole beans.

            a) Bush bean variety:

            Pencil wonder, contender, Pusa parbati, Arka komal, jampa, bountiful,       prider.
           
            b) Pole Bean Variety         
                        Keatuki wonder, premier, VPF – 191.

            Phule Surekha: Developed by selection from cv. Jama improved.    Suitable for cultivation in Kharif, rabi and spring summer season. Pods   are 9 -10 cm long, flat and light green in colour. Recommended for   Kolhapur, Satara, and Sangli and Pune district of Maharashtra.       Resistant to anthracnose, leaf crinkle, yellow mosaic and wilt disease.     Average release committee of Maharashtra, it is also notified by the       central subcommittee on crop standards, notification and varietal     release at the national level.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Indian Bean

Botanical Name: Dolichos lablab (Roxb) and L.

Family: Leguminaceae.

            Indian bean is primarily grows for its green pod. Young pods are cooked as vegetable. Schaffausen (1963) reported then Indian bean is used for pod, feed and soil improvement.

Climate:

            Indian been is relatively a cool season and wrought resistant crop. The plants starts fruiting from the beginning old cold season 2 ½ - 3 months after sowing and continue to give green pods through winter and spring month.

Soil and its Preparation:

            Indian peas can grow in a wide range of soils. But loam, silty loam and clay loam soils are best suited for Indian bean. The land is prepared thoroughly by giving 5 – 6 ploughing.

Sowing of Seed:

a) Time of Sowing: Filed varieties are sown with the advent of the monsoon in July- August, come into flower in Novemeber – December and are harvested in January – February.

b) Seed Rate: The seed rate is 8 to 10 kg/ha.

c) Method of Sowing: The seeds may be sown in rows, or on ridges by drilling or by dibbling. Flat bed and ridges and furrow layout is used. Spacing is 90 X 90 cm or 1m X 1m.

Interculture Operation:

            2- 8 weeding are required for control of weeds. Spraying insecticides and fungicides from the time to time for control of insect pests and diseases.

Irrigation:

            Indian bean is commonly cultivated as rained crop. Irrigation will be given as and when required.

Harvesting:

            The Indian bean becomes ready for harvesting after two and half to three months of sowing. Full grown bean is harvested according to the need.

Yield:

            The average yield is 100 to 120 quintal of green pods per hectare.

Varieties:

            Dasara, dipali, Kankan Bushan, local.

Dolichos Bean

1. Kankan Bushan:

            Green pod yield is 80- 100 quintal per heater. Pods are slightly curved tender and stingless. Bushy growth habit. Inflorescence is white.

2. Dasara:

            Notified during the year 1985- 86. Suitable for Kharif season. Pole type growth habit, fruit length 10- 11 cm and breath 2.0 to 2.5 m. fruits are violet in colour. Seeds are milky white, oval shaped with black spot. Average yield is 150- 200 quintals per heater.

3. Deepali:

            Notified during the year 1985- 86, suitable for Kharif season. Pole type growth habit, fruits are milky in colour, fruit length 20-25 cm and breath 3.0 to 3.5 cm. seeds are red in colour. Fruits are ready for pickling in 150 days. Yield is 150 – 200 quintal per heater.

4. Phule Gauri:

            It is developed by pure line selection. Pods are whitish green in colour, attractive tender flat and slightly curved. It is to the vars. Dasara and Deepali for riled. Average yield is 259 quintals per ha. It is good for both the Kharif and Rabi season. It is tolerant to leaf miner and pod borer.